Monday, 23 July 2012
What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, whichcellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things. The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll. Most of the time, the photosynthetic process uses water and releases the oxygen that we absolutely must have to stay alive. Oh yes, we need the food as well!
We can write the overall reaction of this process as:
Most of us don't speak chemicalese, so the above chemical equation translates as:
six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen
Diagram of a typical plant, showing the inputs and outputs of the photosynthetic process. Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com), used with permission.
Life Cycle of Plants
A plant's life cycle describes how long a plant lives or how long it takes to grow, flower, and set seed. Plants can be either an annual,perennial, or biennial.
Annual
A plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season. It will grow, flower, set seed, and die.
Examples: Marigolds, tomatoes, and petunias.
Perennial
A plant that lives for 3 or more years. It can grow, flower, and set seed for many years. Underground parts may regrow new stems as in the case ofherbaceous plants, or the stems may live for many years like woody plants (trees).
Examples: Daisies, chrysanthemums, and roses.
Biennial
A plant that needs two growing seasons to complete its life cycle. It grows vegetatively (produces leaves) one season. Then it goes dormant or rests over the winter. In the spring, it will begin to grow again and grow flowers, set seed, and die. The seed that is left behind on the ground germinates and the cycle begins again.
Examples: Parsley, carrots, and foxglove.
Wednesday, 11 July 2012
10 Jenis Pokok Tercantik Di dunia
Di sini saya paparkan paparkan 10 jenis pokok tercantik di dunia.
10. Sequoia Gigantea
9. Royal Poinciana Tree
7. Jacaranda Tree
6. The Basket Tree
5. Pink Trumpet Tree
4. Dragon Tree
3. Acacia
2. Baobab
CREDIT : http://www.mylifeisbrilliant.com/home-and-garden/garden/most-beautiful-trees-world/
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10. Sequoia Gigantea
8. Palm Tree
1. Japanese Maple Tree
CREDIT : http://www.mylifeisbrilliant.com/home-and-garden/garden/most-beautiful-trees-world/
Saturday, 30 June 2012
5 Jenis Bunga Yang Aneh
Ketika Anda memikirkan bunga, Anda mungkin berpikirkan tentang taman penuh mawar atau bentangan lapangan hijau dihiasi dengan bunga daisy segar. Sepertinya ada saat-saat ketika alam ingin kita menjadi kagum pada keanehan daripada keindahan.
1. The Naked Coral Tree – Erythrina coralloides
Erythrina coralloides juga dikenal sebagai Pohon Karang Api, ini adalah jenis pohon berbunga dalam keluarga kacang polong Fabaceae, bisa ditemukan berkisar dari negara bagian Arizona Amerika ke Oaxaca di Meksiko. Tanaman ini mempunyai kelopak yang keras berwarna merah, terlihat seperti terumbu/karang, tempat biasanya tumbuh di tengah padang pasir.
2. Enter the dragon – Darcunculus vulgaris
Tampak seperti sesuatu dari film fiksi ilmiah, "Darcunculus vulgaris" yang juga dikenal sebagai Dragon Arum, Snake Lily atau Voodoo Lily. Aslinya di ditemukan di Yunani dan selatan bagian barat dari Anatolia. Baru-baru ini diperkenalkan juga ke Amerika, dapat ditemukan di Oregon, California dan Tennessee. Spesies ini memiliki kerudung ungu besar dan bergagang. Memiliki bau sangat tidak menyenangkan setidaknya bagi manusia. Lalat menyerbuki tanaman ini seperti perangkap mereka dengan cahaya perbungaan malam dan di pagi hari serangga terbang penuh dengan tepung sari.
3. Rafflesia
Rafflesia adalah bunga parasit yang ditemukan oleh Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles pada tahun 1818 selama ekspedisi melalui hutan hujan Indonesia. Bagian dari tanaman yang terlihat selain batang rambat adalah bunganya. Bunga memiliki lima kelopak bulat besar dan dapat tumbuh hingga lebih dari 100 sentimeter. Bau Rafflesias seperti daging busuk, ini adalah taktik untuk menarik serangga seperti lalat atau bangkai kumbang untuk tujuan penyerbukan.
4. Strange fruit – Barringtonia asiatica
Barringtonia asiatica juga dikenal sebagai Pohon Racun Laut berasal dari Samudera Hindia. Pinggiran yang runcing menyerupai kelopak menyerupai sesuatu yang Anda biasa temukan pada lampu lava. Ukuran tengah pohon yang tumbuh dari kelopak bunga menghasilkan buah yang hampir berbentuk kotak.
5. Furry but strange – Stapelia grandiflora
Jika Anda membuang tanaman karena mereka tidak berbulu dan menyenangkan untuk dilihat maka Anda akan menemukan setengah kriteria tersebut di grandiflora Stapelia yang berasal dari Afrika Selatan. Disebuat juga sebagai Bunga Carrion dan Giant Zulu, tanaman ini memiliki tampilan yang berbulu lembut yang berfungsi untuk menarik minat serangga untuk penyerbukan mereka.
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1. The Naked Coral Tree – Erythrina coralloides
Erythrina coralloides juga dikenal sebagai Pohon Karang Api, ini adalah jenis pohon berbunga dalam keluarga kacang polong Fabaceae, bisa ditemukan berkisar dari negara bagian Arizona Amerika ke Oaxaca di Meksiko. Tanaman ini mempunyai kelopak yang keras berwarna merah, terlihat seperti terumbu/karang, tempat biasanya tumbuh di tengah padang pasir.
2. Enter the dragon – Darcunculus vulgaris
Tampak seperti sesuatu dari film fiksi ilmiah, "Darcunculus vulgaris" yang juga dikenal sebagai Dragon Arum, Snake Lily atau Voodoo Lily. Aslinya di ditemukan di Yunani dan selatan bagian barat dari Anatolia. Baru-baru ini diperkenalkan juga ke Amerika, dapat ditemukan di Oregon, California dan Tennessee. Spesies ini memiliki kerudung ungu besar dan bergagang. Memiliki bau sangat tidak menyenangkan setidaknya bagi manusia. Lalat menyerbuki tanaman ini seperti perangkap mereka dengan cahaya perbungaan malam dan di pagi hari serangga terbang penuh dengan tepung sari.
3. Rafflesia
Rafflesia adalah bunga parasit yang ditemukan oleh Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles pada tahun 1818 selama ekspedisi melalui hutan hujan Indonesia. Bagian dari tanaman yang terlihat selain batang rambat adalah bunganya. Bunga memiliki lima kelopak bulat besar dan dapat tumbuh hingga lebih dari 100 sentimeter. Bau Rafflesias seperti daging busuk, ini adalah taktik untuk menarik serangga seperti lalat atau bangkai kumbang untuk tujuan penyerbukan.
4. Strange fruit – Barringtonia asiatica
Barringtonia asiatica juga dikenal sebagai Pohon Racun Laut berasal dari Samudera Hindia. Pinggiran yang runcing menyerupai kelopak menyerupai sesuatu yang Anda biasa temukan pada lampu lava. Ukuran tengah pohon yang tumbuh dari kelopak bunga menghasilkan buah yang hampir berbentuk kotak.
5. Furry but strange – Stapelia grandiflora
Jika Anda membuang tanaman karena mereka tidak berbulu dan menyenangkan untuk dilihat maka Anda akan menemukan setengah kriteria tersebut di grandiflora Stapelia yang berasal dari Afrika Selatan. Disebuat juga sebagai Bunga Carrion dan Giant Zulu, tanaman ini memiliki tampilan yang berbulu lembut yang berfungsi untuk menarik minat serangga untuk penyerbukan mereka.
Non flowering plants
- Non-flowering plants are some of the oldest plants on earth.
- Some famous non flowering plants are ferns and horsetails. You can often see horsetails growing as weeds in gardens and fields.
- Fossils of these ferns and horsetails can often be seen in pieces of coal.
- Non flowering plants have survived for so long because they have been able to adapt to all the changes that have taken place on earth.
- Non flowering plants are usually simpler than flowering plants.
- But because they do not have flowers, they have to reproduce in other ways.
- Non flowering plants grow from spores and not seeds.
Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon Characteristic
Monocotyledon
Seed - 1 cotyledon
Leaf - Parallel veins
Roots - Fibrous roots
Stem - Non-woody,soft
Flower - 3 whorls
Dicotyledon
Seeds - 2 cotyledon
Leaf - Netted veins
Roots - Tap root
Stem - Woody, herbaceous
Flower - 2,4 or 5 whorls
Translate in Bahasa Melayu
Monokotiledon
Benih - 1 kotiledon
Daun - Urat selari
Akar - Akar serabut
Batang - Tak berkayu, lembut
Bunga - 3 pusaran
Dikotiledon
Benih - 2 kotiledon
Daun - Urat jejala
Akar - Akar tunjang
Batang - Berkayu, lembut
Bunga - 2,4 atau 5 pusaran
CREDIT : XPRESS PMR
Friday, 29 June 2012
Pengelasan Tumbuhan
Tumbuhan terbahagi kepada dua kumpulan iaitu tumbuhan berbunga dan tidak berbunga.Tumbuhan berbunga dikelaskan kepada monokotiledon dan dikotiledon. Tumbuhan tidak berbunga dikelaskan kepada empat iaitu alga, kulat, lumut dan paku-pakis.  |
Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas Tumbuhan
1. Tumbuhan juga boleh bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan tetapi gerak balasnya adalah perlahan dan kurang nyata jika dibandingkan dengan haiwan.
2. Tumbuhan bergerak balas terhadap cahaya,air, graviti dan sentuhan.
3. Gerak balas tumbuhan ke arah rangsangan dikatakan tropisme.
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2. Tumbuhan bergerak balas terhadap cahaya,air, graviti dan sentuhan.
3. Gerak balas tumbuhan ke arah rangsangan dikatakan tropisme.
Gerak balas tropisme
(a) Fototropisme : gerak balas terhadap cahaya
(b) Hidrotropisme : gerak balas terhadap air
(c) Geotropisme : gerak balas terhadap graviti
Pucuk Tumbuhan
(a) Fototropisme positif untuk mendapatkan cahaya matahari
(b) Geotropisme negatif
Akar Tumbuhan
(a) Hidrotropisme positif untuk tumbuh ke bawah bagi mendapatkan air di dalam tanah.
(b) Geotropisme positif untuk mencengkam ke dalam tanah
(c) Fotoropisme negatif
Tigmotropisme adalah gerak balas atau pertumbuhan dalam rangsangan terhadap sentuhan. Tigmotropisme membantu tumbuhan dalam cara yang berbeza untuk hidup.
Gerak balas nastik adalah gerak balas tumbuhan yang tidak tentu arah rangsangan.
Contohnya, daun pokok semalu bergerak balas apabila disentuh.
CREDIT : XPRESS PMR
Characteristic and Function of Plant cell
Part of a Plant cell
3D Plant Cell
Aspect of Plants Cell
This is the aspect of plant cell.
Cell shape - Fixed
Cell wall - Has cell wall made of cellulose
Chloroplasts - Present
Vacuole - Present
Type of granules - Starch gramules
Size - Bigger
Translate in Bahasa Melayu
Ini adalah antara aspek tentang cel tumbuhan.
Bentuk sel - Tetap
Dinding sel - Mempunyai dinding sel yang terdiri daripada selulosa
Kloroplas - Ada
Vakuol - Ada
Jenis granul - Granul kanji
Saiz - Lebih besar
Credit : Buku Science XPRESS (SASBADI SDN. BHD.)
Wednesday, 20 June 2012
Differences between Animal and Plants Cells.
CREDIT : Mr Needham's Classes @ HKA
The main difference is that plant cells have a cell wall as well as a cell membrane. Animal cells only have a cell membrane.
More Details:
More Details:
- Plant cells have cell walls, which supports a rigid (rectangular) structure. These structures are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and a variety of other materials. An animal cell does not have this cell wall; as such, the shape is more dynamic. With animal cells there is a diversity of shapes although most are roughly circular to maximize surface area.
- Plant cells have chlorophyll, the light-absorbing pigment required for photosynthesis. This pigment, which makes plants appear green, is contained in structures called chloroplasts (or more generally, plastids).
- Similarly, chlorophyll containing plant cells go through both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, while animal cells only go through cellular respiration.
- Plants cells have a large, central vacuole. While animal cells may have one or more small vacuoles, they do not take up the volume that the central vacuole does (up to 90% of the entire cell volume!). The vacuole stores water and ions, and may be used for storage of toxins.
- Animal cells have centrioles, cilia (unicelluar animal cell), and lysosomes. Plant cells have no need for centrioles because their spindle fibers connect to the cell wall.
Cell as a Unit of Life (Plant Cell)
The cell is the besic unit of all living thing.
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Plant cells are cells that are in plants. Plant cells are like animal cells, but they have a cell wall and chloroplasts.Here's a labeled picture of a plant cell. You will see all the main parts of the cell. Listed below are definitions of those words. Read on to learn more about photosynthesis.
| Cell Membrane: A thin layer that surrounds the cell. |
| Cell Wall: A rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. |
| Chloroplast: (KLOR-o-plast) A cell structure in which photosynthesis takes place, and it contains the chloropyll. |
| Chlorophyll: (KLOR-a-fil) A green substance in plant cells that helps to make food. |
| Cytoplasm: (SIGH-ta-plaz-em) The jellylike liquid in cells where activities take place. |
| Nucleus: (NEW-kle-us) The dark structure inside the cell that controls the cell's activities and contains material such as DNA. |
| Photosynthesis: (foto-SIN-thi-sis) The process when plants use lights energy to make food. |
A very special process that takes place inside of the chloroplasts in plant cells is called photosynthesis (foto-SIN-thi-sis). Photo means "light" and synthesis means " putting things together." In photosynthesis, green plants actually make their own food. That is so cool! Imagine if we could make our own food. I wonder what we'd make? Personally, I would make pizza. Plants seem to have the right idea since they make sugar. This amazing process is responsible for everything we eat. That's because animals eat plants, and we eat the animals and the plants.
If you would like to see an actual photograph of a chloroplast viewed through the lens of an electron microscope, visit the Nanoworld Image Gallery (you'll need to register in order to view the gallery).
In photosynthesis, the chloropyll (KLOR-a-fil) takes in energy from sunlight. The energy comes in the form of a tiny bundle known as a photon. The photon hits a molecule of water inside the chlorophyll. The photon's energy splits the water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide (which the plant has absorbed from the air) to make sugars or glucose. The oxygen is released back into the atmosphere to give us more air. Did you know that the largest suppliers of oxygen in the whole world are tiny plants known as photoplankton? They are found in the oceans and are really important to giving us the oxygen needed to keep life going on our planet.
Believe it or not, a plant uses only about one-sixth of the energy it gets from the sun to nourish itself. The rest of the energy is stored in the glucose until it is eaten by other animals or humans. What an amazing process!
Plant Competition Experiment
THE EXPERIMENT
This experiment illustrates competition between weeds and a crop. It is intended to answer several questions regarding interactions among weeds and crop yield.
One question that can be asked is - what is the effect of weeds when they emerge with the crop and are allowed for defined periods of time?
A second question is - what is the effect when the crop is kept weed-free for certain periods of time and then weeds are allowed to grow?
By answering both of these questions we can determine the period that a crop must remain weed-free if we want to keep weed competition from reducing yield. This period is defined as the "critical weed-free period." Weed scientists perform these types of experiments for a variety of crops to determine the best timing for weed control.
The materials for this experiment are readily available at most variety stores. The plants that are used include radish as the crop and birdseed (millet and other crop seeds) to simulate weeds. Radish was select for several reasons:
1) it produces a harvestable yield in a relatively short period of time,
2) the radish bulb provides an easily harvested and measured product,
3) it is not a very competitive crop, so the effects of weeds are easily seen.
A millet-based birdseed mix was chosen because it is readily available in the pet food aisle of most stores.
MATERIAL NEEDED
PROCUDER
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The best way to present the data from this experiment is with a graph (click to see an example graph). By graphing the data, you, as well as the readers of your figure, may gain important insights that were not redily apparent form the data alone. The graph could use the fresh weight of the radishes as the Y-axis data and weeks after planting for the X-axis. You could use two lines, one where weeds germinated with radishes and one where weeds germinated after the radishes. Treatments 1 and 5 could be used as controls for both lines. From this graph you should be able to interpret the time period in which the radishes should remain weed free in order to obtain a high yield. In your graph, this period will be indicated by weeks where the weeds diminished the fresh weight.
CREDIT : http://www.agron.iastate.edu/plantscience/plant_competition.htm
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This experiment illustrates competition between weeds and a crop. It is intended to answer several questions regarding interactions among weeds and crop yield.
One question that can be asked is - what is the effect of weeds when they emerge with the crop and are allowed for defined periods of time?
A second question is - what is the effect when the crop is kept weed-free for certain periods of time and then weeds are allowed to grow?
By answering both of these questions we can determine the period that a crop must remain weed-free if we want to keep weed competition from reducing yield. This period is defined as the "critical weed-free period." Weed scientists perform these types of experiments for a variety of crops to determine the best timing for weed control.
The materials for this experiment are readily available at most variety stores. The plants that are used include radish as the crop and birdseed (millet and other crop seeds) to simulate weeds. Radish was select for several reasons:
1) it produces a harvestable yield in a relatively short period of time,
2) the radish bulb provides an easily harvested and measured product,
3) it is not a very competitive crop, so the effects of weeds are easily seen.
A millet-based birdseed mix was chosen because it is readily available in the pet food aisle of most stores.
MATERIAL NEEDED
- Area with full sun or artificial light for growing plants (patio, greenhouse, or bench with grow lights)
- Four (4) gallons (0.5 cu. ft., 15 L) of potting soil mix - greenhouse mix of sphagnum peat, vermiculite, perlite, and a wetting agent
- Eight (8) plastic flat trays (10 inches x 20 inches recommended)
- Pot stakes and permanent marker
- Radish seeds (about 150 seeds)*
- Millet seed (available as birdseed in most discount stores, wild birdseed that also contains sunflowers, sorghum, or other grains will work as well)*
- Furrowing tool
- Tablespoon
- Fertilizer (Click here for recommendations on fertilizer)
- Paper towels
- Balance or food scale
| *Note: Due to various flat sizes available the following plant populations are recommend: | ||
Radish Seeds Planting Population | Radish Seeds Thinned Population | Weed Seed (Millet) |
11 seeds/one square foot | 8 seeds/one square foot | 7.0 grams or 1.5 tablespoons/one square foot |
PROCUDER
| Treatments |
|
Week | Instructions |
1 |
|
| Thin radishes in all flats to 5 seedlings per row by clipping at the base. Add weed seed to treatment 6. (One week old radishes without weeds) (One week on radishes with weeds.) | |
3 | Remove all weeds from treatment 2 and maintain this tray weed-free for the remainder of the experiment. Add weed seed to treatment 7. |
4 | Remove all weeds from treatment 3 and maintain this tray weed-free for the remainder of the experiment. |
5 | Remove all weeds from treatment 4 and maintain this tray weed-free for the remainder of the experiment. Add weed seed to treatment 8. |
6 | Harvest all trays. Gently remove the radish plants from the soil and strip the remaining soil from the roots. Wash the soil from the radish roots and pat the radish dry with paper towels. Weigh all radishes from each flat with a balance or food scale and record. |
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
The best way to present the data from this experiment is with a graph (click to see an example graph). By graphing the data, you, as well as the readers of your figure, may gain important insights that were not redily apparent form the data alone. The graph could use the fresh weight of the radishes as the Y-axis data and weeks after planting for the X-axis. You could use two lines, one where weeds germinated with radishes and one where weeds germinated after the radishes. Treatments 1 and 5 could be used as controls for both lines. From this graph you should be able to interpret the time period in which the radishes should remain weed free in order to obtain a high yield. In your graph, this period will be indicated by weeks where the weeds diminished the fresh weight.
CREDIT : http://www.agron.iastate.edu/plantscience/plant_competition.htm
Video of Plants Competition
Ini beberapa video yang diambil daripada YOUTUBE tentang persaingan tumbuhan-tumbuhan.
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Plants Competition
Tomato Plant Competition
Plants Compete for Root Space
Plants Competition
1. Plants need water, carbon dioxide(from air) and sunlight to make
food.
2. Plants also need nutrient from healthy growth.
3. Plants get water and nutrient from the soil.
4. If there are too many plants growing in the same place, the place
will be overcroeded and the resources become limited.
5. The plants will compete to get enough sunlight, water, nutrient
and space.
a) For example, when there are too many seedlings planted in a
pot, they will compete to get enough space, water, sunlight and
nutrient to grow.
b) This will result in unhealthy growth.
6. Plants in the rainforest have different heights because they
receive different amounts of sunlight, space, water and nutrient.
7. The plants face strong competition to get sunlight, space, water
and nutrient.
8. In a competition, plants which are stronger will win. The plants
will grow better and healthier. Weaker plants will have stunted
growth, wilted and eventually die.
CREDIT : http://lohhuifong.blogspot.com/2011/12/competition-among-plants.html
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food.
2. Plants also need nutrient from healthy growth.
3. Plants get water and nutrient from the soil.
4. If there are too many plants growing in the same place, the place
will be overcroeded and the resources become limited.
5. The plants will compete to get enough sunlight, water, nutrient
and space.
a) For example, when there are too many seedlings planted in a
pot, they will compete to get enough space, water, sunlight and
nutrient to grow.
b) This will result in unhealthy growth.
6. Plants in the rainforest have different heights because they
receive different amounts of sunlight, space, water and nutrient.
7. The plants face strong competition to get sunlight, space, water
and nutrient.
 |
| Competition for sunlight, water, nutrient and space has resulted in trees of different heights |
8. In a competition, plants which are stronger will win. The plants
will grow better and healthier. Weaker plants will have stunted
growth, wilted and eventually die.
CREDIT : http://lohhuifong.blogspot.com/2011/12/competition-among-plants.html
Saturday, 12 May 2012
Maksud Sains dan Teknologi
Sains dan Teknologi penting dalam kehidupan seharian kita. Tetapi adakah kita tahu maksudnya? Di sini saya terangkan maksud Sains dan Teknologi berdasarkan dalam Kamus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Maksud Sains
1. Ilmu pengetahuan yang teratur & sistematik yang boleh diuji atau dibuktikan kebenarannya.
2. Cabang ilmu pengetahan yang berdasarkan kebenaran atau keperluan semata-mata (fizik,kimia,biologi,dll)
Maksud Teknologi
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Maksud Sains
1. Ilmu pengetahuan yang teratur & sistematik yang boleh diuji atau dibuktikan kebenarannya.
2. Cabang ilmu pengetahan yang berdasarkan kebenaran atau keperluan semata-mata (fizik,kimia,biologi,dll)
Maksud Teknologi
1. Aktiviti atau kajian yang menggunakan pengetahuan sains untuk tujuan praktis dalam industri,pertanian,perubatan,perniagaan,dll.
2. Kaedah atau proses menangani sesuatu masalah sesuatu masalah teknikal.
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